VPN services: EU discusses consequences for age verification Apfelpatient

A short paper from the European Parliament's Research Service puts VPN services at the center of the EU youth protection debate. The reasoning: VPNs allow users to bypass legally mandated age verification. What sounds like a technical detail has significant consequences for the data privacy of all users – and also for VPN apps in the Apple ecosystem.

The European Union has been working for months on a more uniform system for online age verification, intended to encourage platforms under the Digital Services Act to better protect minors from inappropriate content. In parallel, Apple has already significantly tightened age verification in its App Store in several countries. A recent short paper from the EPRS, the European Parliament's research service, now adds a new dimension to the debate: VPN services are identified by the EU as a potential way to circumvent age verification – and thus themselves become a focus of the discussion.

What the EPRS paper specifically describes

The paper, titled “Virtual private networks and the protection of children online,” addresses a now well-documented phenomenon: In countries where age verification is required for certain content, users are increasingly employing VPN connections to virtually relocate to countries without age verification. Pornography sites and gambling portals are particularly affected. With just a few clicks, a legally enshrined protective measure can be circumvented – the problem is not hypothetical, but already evident in several EU countries.

The EPRS paper places this development within the broader regulatory framework. It confirms that current age verification systems are not yet technically mature and can be circumvented relatively easily, especially by minors. This very weakness is the starting point for the discussion. If the protective mechanisms fail, the focus shifts to the tools used to bypass them – and VPNs are the most obvious example.

What solution is the EU preparing in parallel?

A second project is underway in the background: The EU is working on a standardized age verification app, which is scheduled for rollout by the end of 2026. The underlying idea is privacy-friendly. Users should be able to prove they are of legal age without having to disclose their full name, date of birth, or other personal data. Both a standalone app and integration into the upcoming European Digital Identity Wallet are planned.

In theory, this would be a good compromise between protecting minors and privacy. In practice, however, the idea gets bogged down precisely where EU regulatory logic repeatedly gets stuck: at the intersection of protection and surveillance. As soon as an increasing number of services require age verification and VPNs are simultaneously treated as a workaround, a network emerges in which anonymous or simply private internet use becomes more difficult. Apple already outlined this fundamental conflict of objectives in an open letter to the EU at the end of 2025 – market liberalization, platform control, and data protection cannot all be maximized simultaneously.

Why VPNs are not just circumvention tools

A central point in the current debate: VPN services are far more than just tools for bypassing geo-restrictions or parental controls. They are indispensable in many professional contexts – companies use them for secure connections to the corporate network, employees working from home protect their data streams, and travelers secure their connections on public Wi-Fi networks. Journalists, activists, and people in restrictive states also rely on VPNs to protect themselves from government surveillance or targeted intrusions.

Blanket regulatory measures against VPNs would therefore have effects far beyond the protection of minors. Combining age verification with VPN restrictions limits a whole range of legitimate use cases – with consequences for data protection, freedom of the press, and IT security alike.

What role do the platforms play?

For platform operators like Apple, this discussion represents a double burden. On the one hand, there are the requirements of the Digital Services Act, which have recently led to concrete legal proceedings against companies like Meta and TikTok for inadequate child protection. On the other hand, providers must continue to offer VPN apps in their stores – providers like NordVPN, Surfshark, and ProtonVPN are among the most frequently installed tools in Apple's App Store.

Should the EU tighten regulations and restrict VPN services in certain situations, this would also be reflected in the App Store guidelines. Apple would then have to implement regionally varying requirements, similar to age verification in the App Store – a process that adds further complexity and exacerbates the tension between platform obligations and data privacy.

What makes this debate particularly sensitive

So far, there is no blanket ban on VPNs in the EU, and the EPRS paper doesn't call for one either. However, one thing is clear: the discussion is ongoing – and it's skirting a fine line. Age verification can be useful if it's implemented sparingly, with data protection in mind, and within a narrowly defined scope. If, on the other hand, it's combined with ever more layers of blocking and control, what should be a child-centered protective measure risks becoming a mechanism that can be used for entirely different purposes.

The winner of this debate will not determine the fate of individual VPN providers, but rather how much anonymous internet use the EU is willing to allow in the future. This is precisely what makes the current situation relevant – even beyond the mere discussion of protecting minors.

A political debate that affects the entire web

The EU debate surrounding VPNs demonstrates how quickly technical tools can transform from legitimate concerns into political points of contention. Youth protection and data privacy can only be considered together, not in opposition to each other – and it is precisely this interconnectedness that makes the coming months so interesting. What is formulated in the EPRS paper as a starting point for discussion could quickly become the basis for concrete legislation. (Image: Shutterstock / RSplaneta)